Although in the period of sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi' sreign, there are prominent political AND military gloy, he is mostly famous because of his conquests in India. Sultan Mahmood’s repeated his victories in different military EXPEDITIONs which caused him to be greedy in greater occupying through new lANDs. Sultan Mahmood who had gained the dominion over extant lANDs by his repeated military EXPEDITIONs, militated to the city of Ray, the capital city of Al-e Buyeh’s dynasty AND occupied Majdaldovleh Buyehi's realm in lraq-e Ajam, in the year 420 H.A AND abolished them.By that time, broad lANDs from west of Iran to Armenia, showed their obedience to his tireless conquest. In this way sultan Mahmood’s occupations reached to the same border as with the emperor of eastern Rome's realm (Byzantine). For sultan Mahmood, military EXPEDITION to the eastern Rome had lots of appeal, because even by occupying some parts of Rome's emperor realm, he could place him-self in category of the great world conquerors. But Mahmood's death, because of his incurable sickness, prevented him from reaching to his great goals. AND so, sultan Mahmood left the world disappointed, for the golden wishes of that fame conqueror seeker in attacking the realm of Rome's emperor were defeated.

Developing Islamic propagation, Prophet's hegira from Mecca to Medina caused more corruption in Muslims' relations with opponents, AND tens of minor AND major battles between them. The first major battle which was followed by a series of next battles was Badr EXPEDITION. Since this battle commenced with Muslims' intention to attack on kuraysh trade caravan, Prophet is accused of starting battles AND using offensive politics against his enemies. Examining backgrounds of happening of Badr EXPEDITION, this article is to prove or disprove this accusation.

In this paper, a probabilistic continuous review inventory model is developed for deteriorating items. The model is developed under conditions of stochastic demANDs AND no shortages in which both lead time AND order quantity are treated as decision variables. We concentrate on lead time as a deterministic variable which is made endogenous through an “expediting factor” τ, the constant of proportionality between the reduced lead time AND ordinary time. For models, we determine the expected cost per unit time then numerical examples are given. Additionally sensitivity analyses are conducted with respect to the various cost parameter ranges AND remarks are made for further researches.

About the Hajj's Rituals AND how to do it (the rules, the provisions AND the history), numerous articles have been published. But about analyzing of it with Performative approach, there hasn't been intensive research yet. This study has endeavored to doing a Comparative analysis between the "liminality"-a concept of Victor Turner's AND Arnold Van Gennep's perspective in The Rites of Passage (1909): In which that people passing through it (as a step) AND during a special ritual, to arrive at important points in the life AND their growth.-AND "Theater EXPEDITION" or "EXPEDITION Theater "-a new kind of theater; a form of theater that is to do it during a trip (travel), a time (or period) AND a place (three points: a beginning, middle, end). AND in the other words, a new form of planned trips (only in form, not In short performed AND how it's done by the participants) that in the continuous flow AND, as scrolling to find songs, rituals, stories AND other aspects of a ecology, are in the place.-To achieve this goal, In the first step define the key concepts of current study-liminality, EXPEDITION Theater AND Hajj's Rituals (the purpose of this concept in this article, is a series of acts that a Muslim person does, Based on a religious duty AND if he or she has enough power to reach the house of God in Mecca city. ) – then, with a focus on Turner's proposed pattern of triple Features of Ritual-imperatively, structured AND religious belief-the structure of Hajj-as a ritual-, will be examined AND analyzed by Performing view. Also by Categories AND study of Conditions AND requirements that Leading to create the liminality, AND achieve to obtaining four indicators-personal, mental, advertising AND Critical-as methods of Liminality's influencing, both patterns are compared with each other. The outcome AND the final achievement confirmed that Research hypothesis based on Compliance with or similarity AND alignment between theory (Turner's votes-pattern of EXPEDITION theater) AND text (Hajj's Rituals) In two directions: the similarity AND alignment AND Reject the hypothesis in direction Adaptive. Also, the outcome of phenomenological model of Theater EXPEDITION AND Hajj's Rituals, In the structural level (performative) were matched AND in the content level (motivation AND goal setting) has been dissimilar AND disparate. Expected outcomes of this research will be a small step toward more recognition of ritual AND an expression of Iranian religion AND culture, the concept of liminality (In the applicable index analysis of dramatic formations) AND finally, the EXPEDITION Theater as a form of the new Specie of Performing Art's. AND also hope, that this study AND the results AND how to do it, is the beginning of the comparative studies in interdisciplinary studies, drama, theater, religion AND culture AND beliefs of people in geographically various areas, to promote anthropological studies in the field of theater AND other performing arts dependent on local characteristics AND place in an area AND finally, to get closer more various religious beliefs AND rituals.

One may say that The Open Society AND Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demANDing moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions AND values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

The central Arctic Ocean is a region that is particularly sensitive to changes in climate due to various feedback mechanisms that exist there. During the arctic summer, aerosol particles influence the radiative balance primarily by acting a cloud condensation nuclei, knowledge of the sources AND properties of these particles being essential for an adequate assessment of future climate changes in the Arctic region. As part of an atmospheric research programme, aerosol samples were collected on filters (SFU: Stacked Filter Unit) AND cascade impactors (an LPI: a Dekati Low-Pressure Impactor; AND an SDI: a Small Deposit Impactor) during an EXPEDITION to the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2001 on the Swedish icebreakerOden. The aerosol samples were analyzed by PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) to obtain information concerning their size-resolved elemental composition.The elements Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zn AND Br were usually found in concentrations above their detection limits, also within the pack ice between 88o-89o N. The sources of these elements at these high latitudes could be attributed to sea spray production (Cl, K, Ca, S, Br), secondary DMS-derived sulphur compounds (S), AND a source of primary aerosol particles that contributed to the concentrations of the elements Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe AND Zn. This latter source has a composition which resembles that of average crustal rock. A likely transport route of minerals to the high Arctic is by way of ice-rafting by means of the Transpolar Current. These minerals originate from Siberian river runoff into the Laptev AND Kara Seas. On the basis of the data available, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the minerals were first processed by the Arctic Ocean biota before becoming airborne.It appears that bubble bursting tat ejects solid particles from the sea surface micro layer or the sea water below into the atmosphere, a process that only take place in the open leads between ice floes, is a major source of primary aerosol particles, which are composed of sea salt AND of crustal or biogenic matter. The ice-rafting of crustal material by way of the Transpolar Current AND the bubble bursting that occurs in open leads are both potentially sensitive to changes in climate.

I have previously argued that human flourishing partly consists in the ability to exercise essential human capacities, many of which are non-distinctive AND shared with other animals. The concept of flourishing is itself species-specific. Thus, the development of essential capacities (human AND nonhuman) comprises a large part of the goods that we ought to promote. Problems about the definition of ‘essential’ are discussed, as are related issues about whether there are necessary AND sufficient conditions for the correct use of sortal universal terms. The relation of the exercise of essential capacities to basic needs is investigated, AND the essential nature of the human capacity for meaningful work, which has been disputed by John White, is defended. Finally, some suggestions are offered about what the proponents of the capabilities approach might derive from that of essential capacities.